From Dom Guéranger's The Liturgical Year.
HUMILITAS. This word already stood, crowned with gold, upon his family escutcheon,[1] when Charles was born at the castle of Arona. It had been said of the Borromeos that they knew nothing of humility, except to bear it on their coat of arms: but the time had now come, when the mysterious device was to be justified by the most illustrious scion of that noble family; and when, at the zenith of his greatness, a Borromeo would learn to void his heart of self, in order that God might fill it. Far, however, from abjuring the high-mindedness of his race, the humble Saint was the most intrepid of them all, while his enterprises were to eclipse the noble exploits of a long line of ancestors. One more proof that humility never debases.
Charles was scarcely twenty-two years of age, when Pius IV, his maternal uncle, called him to the difficult post of Secretary of State, shortly afterwards created him Cardinal and Archbishop of Milan, and seemed to take pleasure in heaping honours and responsibilities on his young shoulders. The late Pontiff, Paul IV., had been ill requited for placing asimilar confidence in his nephews the Caraffas, who ended their days upon the scaffold. His successor, on the contrary, as the event testified, was actuated by the inspiration of the Holy Ghost, not by the dictates of flesh and blood.
Sixty years of that fatal century had already elapsed, while the evils consequent on Luther's revolt were ever increasing, and the Church was daily threatened with some new danger. The Protestants had just imposed upon the Catholics of Germany the treaty of Passau, which completed the triumph of the fanatics, and secured to them equality and liberty. The abdication of Charles V. in despair, left the empire to his brother Ferdinand; while Spain, with its immense dominions in both hemispheres, fell to his son Philip II. Ferdinand I. inaugurated the custom of dispensing with Rome, by crowning himself with the diadem which St. Leo III. had placed upon the brow of Charlemagne; and Philip, enclosing Italy by taking Naples in the South and Milan in the North, seemed to many to be threatening the independence of Rome herself. England, reconciled for a brief period under Mary Tudor, was replunged by Elizabeth into the schism which continues to the present day. Boy kings succeeded one another on the throne of St. Louis, and the regency of Catharine de Medici involved France in the wars of religion.
Such was the political situation which the minister of Pius IV. had to cope with, and to utilize to the best of his power for the interests of the Holy See and of the Church. Charles did not hesitate. With faith to supply for his want of experience, he understood that to the torrent of errors, which threatened to deluge the world, Rome must first of all oppose, as an embankment, that undivided truth of which she is the guardian.
He saw how, in contest with a heresy, which claimed the name of Reformation while it let loose every passion, the Church might take occasion from the struggle to strengthen her discipline, elevate the morals of her children, and manifest to the eyes of all her indefectible sanctity. This thought had already, under Paul III. and Julius III., led to the convocation of the Council of Trent, and inspired its dogmatic definitions and reformatory decrees. But the Council, twice interrupted, had not completed its work, which was still under dispute. It had now been suspended for eight years, and the difficulties in the way of its resumption continued to increase, on account of the quarrelsome pretensions of princes. The Cardinal-nephew bent all his efforts to surmount the obstacles. He devoted day and night to the work, imbuing with his views the Sovereign Pontiff himself, inspiring with his zeal the nuncios at the various courts, vying in skill and firmness with diplomatic ministers in order to overcome the prejudices or the ill-will of monarchs. And when, after two years of these difficult negotiations, the Fathers of Trent gathered together once more, Charles was the providence and the tutelary angel of this august assembly. To him it owed its material organization, its political security, the complete independence of its deliberations and their thenceforward uninterrupted continuity. Himself detained at Rome, he was the intermediary between the Pope and the Council. The presiding legates soon gave him their full confidence, as is proved from the pontifical archives; to him, as to the ablest counsellor and most reliable support, they daily had recourse in their solicitudes and anxieties.
For her (wisdom's) sake, says the Wise Man, I shall have glory among the multitude, and honour with the ancients, though I be young; ... and the faces of princes shall wonder at me. They shall wait for me when I hold my peace, and they shall look upon me when I speak, and if I talk much they shall lay their hands on their mouths.[2] Such was truly the case with St. Charles, at this critical moment of the world's history. No wonder that divine Wisdom, to whom he listened with such docility, and who inspired him so copiously, rendered his name immortal in the memory of a grateful posterity.
In his Defence of the too famous Declaration, Bossuet, speaking of the Council of Trent which owed its completion to St. Charles, says that it brought the Church back to the purity of her origin, as far as the iniquity of the times would permit.[3] And when the cecumenical sessions at the Vatican were opened, the Bishop of Poitiers, the future Cardinal Pie, spoke of that Council of Trent, which “deserved, more truly even than that of Nicaea, to be called the great Council; that Council, concerning which we may confidently assert, that since the creation of the world no assembly of men has succeeded in introducing among mankind such great perfection; that Council whereof it has been said that, as a tree of life, it has for ever restored to the Church the vigour of her youth. More than three centuries have elapsed since its labours were completed, and its healing and strengthening virtue is still felt.”[4]
“The Council of Trent is perpetuated in the Church by means of the Roman Congregations charged with its continual application, and with ensuring obedience to the pontifical constitutions which have followed and completed it.”[5] Charles suggested the measures adopted for this end by Pius IV., and approved and developed by succeeding Pontiffs. He caused the Liturgical Books to be revised, and the Roman Catechism to be compiled. But first, and in all things, he was himself the living model of the renewed discipline, and thus acquired the right to exercise his zeal for or against others. Rome, initiated by him in the salutary reform, of which it was fitting she should set the first example, was in a few months completely transformed. The three churches now dedicated to St. Charles within her walls,[6] and the numerous altars which bear his name in other sanctuaries of the holy City, are the testimony of her enduring gratitude.
His administration, however, and his sojourn in Rome lasted only during the six years of Pius IV's pontificate. On the death of that Pope, in spite of the entreaties of Pius V., whose election was due chiefly to his exertions, Charles set out for Milan, which called for the presence of its Archbishop. For nigh a century, the great Lombard city had scarcely known its pastors save by name; and this abandonment had delivered it, like so many others at that period, to the wolf that catcheth and scattereth the sheep. Our Saint understood far otherwise the responsibility of the cure of souls. He gave himself entirely to this duty, without care for himself, without a thought for the judgments of men, without fear of the powerful. His maxim was: to treat of the interests of Jesus Christ in the spirit of Jesus Christ;[7] his programme, the ordinances of Trent. Charles's episcopate was the carrying out of the great Council; its living form; the model of its practical application in the whole Church; and the proof of its efficiency, demonstrating that it sufficed for every reform, and could, of itself alone, sanctify both pastor and flock.
We would gladly have given more than a passing notice of these Acts of the church of Milan, which have been lovingly collected by faithful hands, and which show our Saint in so grand a light. Herein, after the six provincial councils and eleven diocesan synods over which he presided, follows the inexhaustible series of general or special mandates dictated by his zeal; pastoral letters, the most remarkable of which is the sublime Memorial written after the plague in Milan; instructions upon the holy Liturgy, upon the tenure of churches, upon preaching, upon the administration of the Sacraments, and notably the celebrated instruction to Confessors; ordinances concerning the archiepiscopal court, the chancellorship, canonical visitations; regulations for the archbishop's domestic family, and his vicars and officials of all ranks, for the parish priests and their meetings in conference (a custom introduced by him), for the Oblates he had founded, the seminaries, schools, and confraternities ; edicts and decrees; and lastly various tables, and complete forms of administrative acts, so drawn up that nothing remains but to insert names and dates. It is a true pastoral encyclopedia, which, in its magnificent amplitude, would appear to be the work of a long life; yet St. Charles died at the early age of forty-six; and moreover all this was written in the midst of trials and combats sufficient to have been his sole pre-occupation.
But it is time to listen to the Church’s account of him.
Carolus, Mediolani nobili Borroaeorum familia natus, quanta futurus esset sanctitate conspicuus, divina lux super parientis matris cubiculum noctu coruscans praesignavit. A pueritia clericali militiae adscriptus, abbatia postmodum insignitus, patrem admonuit, ne reditus in rem familiarem converterentur: quorum ipse nactus administrationem, quidquid supererat, expendebat in paupweres. Adolescens liberalibus disciplinis Papiae operam dedit. Castitatem adeo coluit, ut impudicas etiam mulieres ad labefactandam ejus pudicitiam pluries immissas invicta constantia fugaverit. Vigesimum tertium aetatis annum agens, a Pio Quarto ejus avunculo in sacrum Cardinalium collegium cooptatus, insigni pietatis ac virtutum omnium speldore praeluxit. Mox ab eodem Mediolanensis archiepiscopus creatus, in eo plurimam operam adhibuit, ut juxta sacrosanctum Tridentinum concilium, quod ejus potissimum sollicitudine jam tum fuerat absolutum, ecclesiam sibi commissam componeret: atque ut depravatos plebis suae mores reformaret, praeter iteratam saepius synodorum celebrationem, seipsum eximiae sanctitatis praebuit exemplar. In profigandis haereticis e partibus Rhaetorum et Helvetiorum, quorum plurimos ad christianam plurimos ad christianam fidem convertit, maxime laboravit.
Hujus viri caritas praecipue enituit, cum Uritano principatu vendito, pretium universum ad quadraginta aureorum millia, una die in pauperes erogavit. Nec minore pietate viginti millia, quae sibi fuerant legata, distribuit. Ecclesiasticos proventus, quibus ab avunculo copiose fuerat cumulatus, dimisit, nonnullis retentis, quibus ad proprios usus et egenorum necessitates utebatur. Quo tempore pestis Mediolani grassbatur, domesticam supellectilem, ne relicto sibi lectulo, in eosdem alendos contulit, super nuda in posterum tabula discumbens; eoque morbo laborantes sedulo invisens, paterno reficiebat affectu, et Ecclesiae sacramenta propriis ipse manibus administrans, mirum in modum solabatur: humullimis interim precibus reconciliator accedens, publica supplicatione indicta, fune sibi ad collum alligato, nudis pedibus, etiam offendiculo cruentatis, crucem bajulans, semetipsum pro peccatis populi hostiam offerens, divinam indignationem avertere satagebat. Ecclesiasticae libertatis fuit acerrimus propugnator. Disciplinae vero restituendae sollicitus, a seditiosis, dum orationi insisteret, tormenti bellici laxata rota, igneo globulo percussus, divina virtute servatur illaesus.
Abstinentia fuit admirabili: jejunabat saepissime, pane tantum et aqua, sois quandoque lupinis contentus. Nocturnis vigiliis, asperrimo cilicio, assiduis flagellis corpus domabat. Humilitatis ac mansuetudinis studiosissimus fuit. Orationem ac verbi Dei praedicationem, gravissimis licet curis occupatus, numquam intermisit. Multas ecclesias, monasteria, collegia aedificavit. Plura scripsit, ad episcoporum praesertim in structionem utilissima: cujus etiam opera parochurm catechismus prodiit. Demum in solitudinem Varalli montis, ubi sculptis imaginibus Dominicae passionis mysteria ad vivum repraesentantur, secessit: ibique, diebus aliquot voluntaria castigatione asperam, sed Christi dolorum meditationibus suavem vitam ducens, in febrim incidit. Mediolanum reversis, ingravescente morbo, cinere ac cilicio coopertus, et oculis in crucifixi imaginem defixis, migravit in coelum, aetatis anno quadragesimo septimo, Domini vero millesimo quingentesimo octogesimo quarto terio nonas Novembris. Quem miraculis clarum Paulus Quintus Pontifex Maximus in Sanctorum numerum retulit.
Charles was born at Milan, of the noble family of Borromeo. His future pre-eminent sanctity was foreshown by a heavenly light shining at night over the room where he was born. He was enrolled in his boyhood in the ranks of the clergy, and soon provided with an Abbey; but he warned his father not to turn its revenues to private use; and as soon as its administration was entrusted to him, he spent all the surplus income on the poor. As a youth he pursued his liberal studies at Pavia. He had the greatest love for holy chastity; and several times put to flight, with the greatest firmness, some shameless women sent to tempt him. In the twenty-third year of his age, his uncle Pius IV. created him Cardinal; and he adorned that dignity by his great piety and remarkable virtues. Being soon afterwards made Archbishop of Milan, he laboured strenuously to carry out, in his whole diocese, the decrees of the Council of Trent, which had just been concluded mainly through his exertions. To reform the evil customs of his people he held many synods, and moreover was ever himself a perfect model of virtue. He also laboured much to expel the heretics from Switzerland and the country of the Grisons, and converted many of them to the true faith.
The charity of this holy man was strikingly exhibited, when he sold the principality of Oria, and in one day distributed the price, amounting to about forty thousand gold pieces, among the poor. With no less generosity he, on another occasion, distributed twenty thousand gold pieces left him as a legacy. He resigned the many ecclesiastical benefices which his uncle had bestowed upon him, except a few which he retained for his own necessities and for relieving the poor. When the plague was raging in Milan, he gave up the furniture of his house, even his bed, for the support of the poor, and thenceforward always slept on a bare board. He visited the plague-stricken with unwearied zeal, assisted them with fatherly affection, and, administering to them with his own hands the Sacraments of the Church, singularly consoled them. Meanwhile he approached to God in humble prayer as a mediator for his people; he ordered public supplications to be made, and himself walked in the processions, with a rope round his neck, his feet bare and bleeding from the stones, and carrying a cross; and thus offering himself as a victim for the sins of the people, he endeavoured to turn away the anger of God. He strenuously defended the liberty of the Church, and was most zealous in restoring discipline. For this reason some seditious persons fired upon him while he was engaged in prayer, but by the divine power he was preserved unharmed.
His abstinence was wonderful: he very often fasted on bread and water, and sometimes took only a little pulse. He subdued his body by night-watchings, a rough hairshirt and frequent disciplines. He was a great lover of humility and meekness. Even when occupied by weighty business, he never omitted his prayer or preaching. He built many churches, monasteries and colleges. He wrote many works of great value especially for the instruction of bishops; and it was through his care that the catechism for parish-priests was drawn up. At length he retired to a solitary place on Mount Varallo, where the mysteries of our Lord's Passion are sculptured in a life-like manner, and there after spending some days in severe bodily mortifications sweetened by meditation on Christ's sufferings, he was seized by a fever. He returned to Milan; but the illness growing much worse, he was covered with sackcloth and ashes, and with his eyes fixed on the crucifix he passed to heaven, in the forty-seventh year of his age, on the third of the Nones of November, in the year of our Lord 1584. He was illustrated by miracles, and was enrolled among the Saints by Pope Paul V.
Successor of Ambrose, thou didst inherit his zeal for the house of God; thy action also was powerful in the Church; and though separated in time by a thousand years, your names are now united in one common glory. May your prayers also mingle before the throne of God for us in these times of decadence; and may your power in heaven obtain for us pastors worthy to continue, or if need be to renew, your work on earth. How obviously applicable to both of you were those words of Holy Writ: What manner of man the ruler of the city is, such also are they that dwell therein.[8] And again: I will fill the soul of the priests with fatness; and my people shall be filled with my good things, saith the Lord.[9]
Rightly didst thou say, O Charles : "Never did Israel hear a more awful threat than this: Lex peribit a sacerdote.[10] Priests are divine instruments, upon whom depends the welfare of the world; their abundance is the riches of all, their default is the ruin of nations.”[11]
And when, from the midst of thy priests convoked in synod, thou didst pass to the venerable assembly of seventeen bishops thy suffragans, thy language became, if possible, still more vehement: “Let us fear lest the angered Judge say to us: If you were the enlighteners of my Church, why have you closed your eyes? If you pretended to be shepherds of the flock, why have you suffered it to stray? Salt of the earth, you have lost your savour. Light of the world, they that sat in darkness and the shadow of death have never seen you shine. You were Apostles; who, then, put your apostolic firmness to the test, since you have done nothing but seek to please men? You were the mouth of the Lord, and you have made that mouth dumb. If you allege in excuse that the burden was beyond your strength, why did you make it the object of your ambitious intrigues?”[12]
But, by the grace of God blessing thy zeal for the amendment of both sheep and lambs, thou couldst add, O Charles: “Province of Milan, take heart again. Behold, thy fathers have come to thee, and are assembled once more for the purpose of remedying thy ills. They have no other care, than to see thee bring forth the fruits of salvation; and for this end they multiply their united efforts.”[13]
My little children, of whom I am in labour again, until Christ be formed in you.[14] Such is the aspiration of the Bride, which will cease only in heaven: and synods, visitations, reformation, decrees concerning preaching and government and ministry, were, in thy eyes, but the manifestation of this one desire of the Church, the expression of the mother's cry as she brings forth her children.[15]
Deign, O blessed Pontiff, to restore in all places the love of holy discipline, wherein the pastoral solicitude that rendered thee so glorious[16] found the secret of its marvellous fecundity. It may be sufficient for. the simple faithful merely to know that among the treasures of the Church there exists, side by side with her doctrine and Sacraments, an incomparable code, the work of ages, an object of legitimate pride to all her sons, whose divine privileges it protects. But the priest, entirely devoted to the Church, cannot serve her usefully without that profound and persevering study, which will give him the understanding of her laws in detail. But clergy and laity alike must beseech God, that the miseries of the times may not impede the meeting of our venerated superiors in the councils and synods prescribed at Trent,[17] and so grandly carried out by thee, O Charles, who didst prove by experience their value for the salvation of the world. May heaven, for thy sake, hear our prayer; and then we shall be able to say with thee[18] to the Church: “O tender mother, let thy voice cease from weeping, ... for there is a reward for thy work, saith the Lord; and thy sons shall return out of the land of the enemy. And I will fill the soul of the priests with fatness : and my people shall be filled with my good things.”[19]
Llet us say the following Sequence composed by Notker, and formerly sung in Germany on the day of the feast.
Sequence
Omnes sancti Seraphim, Cherubim,
Throni quoque Dominationesque,
Principatus, Potestates, Virtutes,
Archangeli, Angeli, vos decet laus et honores.
Ordines novem spirituum beatorum,
Quos in Dei laudibus firmavit caritas,
Nos fragiles homines firmate precibus:
Ut spirtales pravitates vestro juvamine vincentes fortiter,
Nuno et in aevum vestris simus digni sollemniis interesse sacris.
Vos quos Dei gratia vincere terrea,
Et angelis socios fecit esse polo:
Vos patriarchae, prophetae, apostoli, confessores, martyres, monachi, virgines,
Et viduarum sanctarum omniumque placentium populus supremo Domino,
Nos adjutorium nunc et perenniter foveat, protegat, ut vestrum
In die poscimus gaudiorum vestorum.
Amen.
All ye holy Seraphim, Cherubim,
Thrones also and Dominations,
Principalities, Powers, Virtues,
Archangels, Angels, to you beseemeth praise and honour.
Ye nine choirs of blessed spirits,
Whom charity has stablished in God's praises,
Make us frail mortalsas stable, by your prayers:
So that by your assistance, resolutely overcoming the spirits of wickedness,
We may be worthy to take part, both now and forever, in your sacred solemnities.
Ye whom the grace of God enabled to conquer the things of earth,
And associated with the Angels in heaven;
Ye patriarchs, prophets, apostles, confessors, martyrs, monks, virgins,
Assembly of holy widows, and of all who have been pleasing to the sovereign Lord,
May your assistance, now and ever, cherish and protect us,
As we pray on this day of your joys.
Amen.
We gather from the Euchology or Ritual of the Greeks a few samples of their prayers for the dead.
In Officio Exsequiarum
Venite, extremum vale, Deo gratias agentes, defuncto dicamus. Illi Dominus requiem conferat, precemur.
Qualis vita nostra est? flosculus, vapor, matutuinus ros vere. Adeste igitur et sepulcra circumlustremus. Ubi corporis venustas? Ubi juventus? Ubi illa lumina? Ubi carnis species? Cuncta velut foenum apparuertun, dissipata sunt cuncta. Venite et Christo cum lacrymis procedamus.
Salva sperantes in te, Mater solic occasum nescientis; Dei genitrix, optimum tuum natum precibus tuis interpella, precamur, ut ei qui hinc migravit, det requem, ubi justorum animae quiescent: divornum bonorum in aulis justorum haeredem illum constitue, in memoria aeterna, o immaculata.
Christus verus Deus noster qui a mortuis surrexit, intercessionibus illibatae suae Matris et omnium Sanctorum, servi sui vita functi animam in justorum tabernaculis collocet, in Abraham sinibus reclinet, justis annumeret; nostrique misereatur ut bonus et clements. Amen.
Eterna tibi sit memoria, semper beande et jugi animo recolende Frater noster.
Gloria Deo cui its complacuit.
Come, let us bid a last farewell to the deceased, giving thanks to God. Let us pray that the Lord may give him rest.
What is our life? A little flower, a vapour, truly a morning dew. Come, then, and let us go round about the graves. Where is the beauty of the body? Where is youth ? Where now are those eyes? Where that comeliness of form? All appeared as grass, all are now withered. Come, and let us with tears prostrate before Christ.
O Mother of the sun that knows no setting, save them that trust in thee. Mother of God, we beseech thee, entreat thy most loving Son to giveunto him, who has left us, rest where the souls of the just repose. Establish him, O immaculate one, heir of divine possessions, and let him be in everlasting remembrance.
May Christ who rose from the dead, our true God, moved by the intercession of his spotless Mother and of all the Saints, place the soul of his departed servant in the tabernacles of the just; may he lay him to rest in the bosom. of Abraham, numbering him among the just; and may he, who is both good and kind, have mercy upon us. Amen.
May thy memory be eternal, O our brother; thou shalt be forever blessed, and shalt ever be cherished in our hearts.
Glory be to God, who bath so willed!
[1] On a chief argent the word HUMILITAS sable, crowned or.
[2] Wisd. viii. 10-12.
[3] Gallia orthodoxa, Pars III., Lib. xi. cap. 13.; vii. cap. 40.
[4] Discourse pronounced at Rome, in the church of St. Andrew della Valle, Jan. 14th, 1870.
[5] Pastoral instructin on occasion of the approaching Council of Bordeaux, June 26th, 1850.
[6] St. Charles at the Catinari, one of the most beautiful in Rome; St. Charles on the Corso, which posesses his heart; St. Charles at the four fountains.
[7] Acta Eccl. Mediolanensis, Oratio habita in Concil. prov. Vi.
[8] Eccli. x. 2.
[9] Jerem. xxxi. 14.
[10] The law shall perish, shall fail, shall be silent, in the heart of the priestand on his lips. Ezech. vii. 26. Acta Eccl. Mediolan. Constitutiones et regulae societatis scholarum doctrinae christianae, Cap. III.
[11] Concio I ad Clerum, in Synod. diceces. xi.
[12] Oratio habita in concil. prov. ii.
[13] In concil. prov. vi.
[14] Gal. iv. 19.
[15] Concio I ad Clerum, in Synod. diceces. xi.
[16] Collect of the feast.
[17] Sessio xxiv, de Reformatione cap. II.
[18] Concio I ad Clerum, in Synod xi.
[19] Jerem. xxxi, 16, 14.
[20] Ambr. Lib. de Exhort. Virginitat. I.